Periodic Trends

00:11 - Daniel Evans: All the trends are on a diagonal between the lower left, upper right.

00:18 - Daniel Evans: lower left is maximum pore size atomic radius operational maximum pressurization energy. That energy electrode negativity.

00:29 - Daniel Evans: So let me ask questions, but I’m still having Daniel Evans: Elements are above or below each other left or right, each other, lower left, upper right won’t put a combination of that and lower right.

00:46 - Daniel Evans: So per tick size. Daniel Evans: There are exceptions in terms of this general trend in size of some of the transition metals, but we’re not going to worry about those exceptions. So Daniel Evans: We’re just going to be looking at this general trend so going down makes a little bit more logical sex, since this is good down we’re adding another electronic shell to our atoms as sides as you go right Daniel Evans: It’s not as intuitive as to why the Adam gets smaller, more electrons in Daniel Evans: But as we’re putting more electronic those electrons going into the one shall the same shelf so that creating additional shells.

01:33 - Daniel Evans: And also increasing the nucleus. The charge of nucleus. So that increased nuclear challenge pulls that shell closer and closer to our nucleus and Adam gets smaller and smaller as you go right across the table.

01:51 - Daniel Evans: So another property is ization energy Daniel Evans: Energy. Energy Daniel Evans: Is the energy to remove an electron from the gas, gas phase out of Daniel Evans: This is always the end of our process, we almost have to put energy into knocking electron off.

02:12 - Daniel Evans: So we know that the metals lower left like passive. So they give up the electrons easily. So this is a low addition entry.

02:23 - Daniel Evans: For the metals for lower left.

02:25 - Daniel Evans: And the non metal right they want to become negative. So they hold on to your electrons more strongly. So our energy is higher in the upper right and this is all the way through helium. So some of the other trends will stop at once.

02:44 - Daniel Evans: But there are some detail in our Daniel Evans: Position energies will plot the ization energy out. We do have our general trends. So going from left to right across a row, our nation energy increases.

03:02 - Daniel Evans: Going from bottom to top of her wrote the energy increase. So that’s the general trend here.

03:12 - Daniel Evans: But I’ve circled some spots were the ionization energy dips as we come across a row. So the exceptions I highlighted here. We’re going to have to know and it says that the ionization energy going to be lower than the element right before Daniel Evans: So the spice. So I’ve marked up Daniel Evans: The step right before it drops down. So we have filled ass and then the next one I have sold p. And then the next one then upsell D. And then the next one.

03:56 - Daniel Evans: Well, if we look at where we’re dropping down, it drops down to two columns on the table.

04:03 - Daniel Evans: So we have our film. So the drops down first. P. We have our film D, it drops down with the first p, then we have our Hatfield P and it drops down with the next, the next, so Daniel Evans: The very first electron in the P Oracle is easier to pull out than the previous electronic in itself. So with it till the Daniel Evans: End for the first two rows of P period two and three.

04:34 - Daniel Evans: The have failed P level is more stable. So that first electron that pairs up is less stable, so it’s easier to pull off.

04:47 - Daniel Evans: We lose that effect on period for. We also have our deep workflows presence.

05:00 - Daniel Evans: Or Tomic size we go back to time exercise. So time X sighs This line here is the identical line to lifting. So this is showing that Daniel Evans: The difference between left and right is bigger than the difference between top and bottom. So the halogens pouring the iodine are all smaller than our lithium.

05:25 - Daniel Evans: So we’re going to say that are always on the left are going to be bigger than our elements on the right, then Daniel Evans: The elements on the bottom row are going to be bigger than the elements on the top of Daniel Evans: And Daniel Evans: Another aspect of I in size size is what happens with fights. So looking at a single element if we add electrons to the naval this get bigger, so Daniel Evans: There’s the nuclear charge is being split between more electrons.

So the effective charges smaller and it can’t hold them as tiny so that shell that that electron goes into wells up and gets bigger.

06:12 - Daniel Evans: Whereas if we pull out like five mega positive Caroline. Now, the electrons are sharing more about effectiveness of charge. So they’re being pushed closer toward the nucleus and the Daniel Evans: Item gets smaller. So the general rule is our airlines have a larger size or can I have a smooth slides. So different version of that.

06:35 - Daniel Evans: As an electronic so all these atoms, ions have the same number of electrons. So that’s nice electronic same number of electrons.

06:44 - Daniel Evans: But as you go to left here to the negative charges they have a smaller nuclear charge. So the small nuclear charged can’t pull in that show as well. So we have a larger I Daniel Evans: And on the right, we have a larger nuclear charge that pulls in the electrons more tightly gives us from our side. So the two rules are the same thing. The more negative ones are larger, the positive ones or small.

07:14 - Daniel Evans: Another trend electron affinity electronic Vinci with our is our biggest separate the Daniel Evans: Electron affinity though that maximize into the noble gases that old gas is going to have a zero electron affinity and it doesn’t maximize with rain to maximize with whoring Daniel Evans: So, electron affinity Daniel Evans: Is adding electron to add them in the gas face.

07:48 - Daniel Evans: And the electron won’t stay on the atom unless we lose some energy. So this is excellent process, we can pass the electron on gently and and have Daniel Evans: Clyde with another Adam protect some energy away. So the actual can stick on the album. So this is the Exeter process. So we talked about this, we’re talking about the magnitude or positive or negative. So a Daniel Evans: Puppy of zero would mean that the electron would not stay on. So it has to be negative value for that particular state.

08:23 - Daniel Evans: And Daniel Evans: Our electronic Fenty again maximize with rain. So our trends up and down the court as through electronic duties are going to have a number of exceptions. As we go cross parent table. So when when the Daniel Evans: Configuration is a stable configuration, it won’t want to take on another electron so stable configurations have a drop in like from somebody drops all the way down to zero, this will take the electron Daniel Evans: Or sometimes it’s drops knows be less than the element before that so are filled s so column to Daniel Evans: We have a filter as the next electronic is starting a new sub level.

And that’s not favorable so on. Daniel Evans: Column to this electronic pin is going to be smaller than propeller one even our general trend says that the Electronic Frontier should be increasing. Right.

09:27 - Daniel Evans: So for column seven when we have a half chilled.

09:34 - Daniel Evans: Sub level D. Daniel Evans: And this one is half filled with a. So it’s not the chromium, molybdenum, which can say have fold d by stealing it s. So, this one’s the completely filled ask with a half filled Daniel Evans: D and again it doesn’t want to take on another electron. That’s the first paragraph. Next one. So for the first two of these.

10:01 - Daniel Evans: Manganese and technetium Daniel Evans: We see a dip in our electronic 20 now we’re not going to be looking at period, six and seven. Where the f or change some of these patterns.

10:15 - Daniel Evans: With a completely filled d Daniel Evans: Presenting cadmium again next electron is starting a new sub level. So that’s not fair. So the second category and probably lower electronic 20 then else before the copper and silver.

10:32 - Daniel Evans: And then for the past filled P so nation phosphorus, arsenic and antimony.

10:41 - Daniel Evans: They have one of their front of each order so that next electronic pairs up which is not very energetic be memorable. So these elements are going to have a lower electronic 20 than the ones favorite sport.

10:56 - Daniel Evans: And the noble gases also began to zero. So, these are the crop. Awesome. I don’t have them highlighted here, but our let’s try to finish maximizes actually was green.

11:08 - Daniel Evans: And green is actually slightly less than 14 so we’re not gonna be looking at the call the trends in the columns that much as opposed to the kit trends across the road.

11:20 - Daniel Evans: So let’s do some problems that would find and the worksheet that was had a worksheet problem, similar to over Daniel Evans: So size.

11:52 - Daniel Evans: Want to rank this in terms of increasing function. So, we want the small sample size.

11:59 - Daniel Evans: small size. Daniel Evans: Is Daniel Evans: Going to be in the upper right of our table. So we look for. What’s the upper right. So we have two halogens, chlorine, bromine, chlorine is up on top. So, this can be smaller sized and bromine.

12:18 - Daniel Evans: So we have our Corrine is our smallest incomes are bromine.

12:26 - Daniel Evans: We have Daniel Evans: To offer medals sodium, potassium, so you know top. So that’d be smaller.

12:35 - Daniel Evans: And potassium will come last Daniel Evans: And just being able to predict sizes will help us with some additional problems that will be looking at later on last energy and nothing points, we can actually predict relative melting points by the atomic sizes of the elements Daniel Evans: So next problem largest size.

13:01 - Daniel Evans: We have potassium ionized calcium, calcium, iron gallium and bromine.

13:07 - Daniel Evans: So we’re asking for our decides to see if we can write these Daniel Evans: The Daniel Evans: Two plus makes it harder. So we don’t know how the iron is going to trend compared to the next elements, but let’s look at size larger sizes lower snaps. We have the Daniel Evans: galleys gallium that’s toward the right bromine is on the right.

13:41 - Daniel Evans: So we can say that our bromine is larger than gallium Daniel Evans: And we can say it’s larger than potassium Daniel Evans: The calcium Daniel Evans: Is if it was neutral, it’d be smaller than her potassium, but the path of charge makes sense to also Daniel Evans: Are just trying to write these backwards. Sorry about that.

14:20 - Daniel Evans: From user smallest scale into smaller but we know that Potassium is larger than our calcium two plus. So, we wouldn’t necessarily be all place where calcium, iron and gallium fit, but we tell that our largest size.

14:40 - Daniel Evans: Will be our potassium Daniel Evans: So energy Daniel Evans: We know ization energy’s low and the lower left and highs. We got approval. Right.

15:04 - Daniel Evans: So we look for lower left, we have rain phosphorus Daniel Evans: cesium and galleon to cesium is our closest to the lower left. So that is our smallest Daniel Evans: Gallium is upper right of that.

15:27 - Daniel Evans: Phosphorus is upper right of gallium Daniel Evans: And for me, is a rate of phosphorus Daniel Evans: So another one were asked asking from largest Daniel Evans: Ionization energy. So we know most is the lower left, we have our Daniel Evans: cesium potassium. Our metals. So cesium is closer to a lower left.

15:59 - Daniel Evans: Less than our test him. Daniel Evans: We have Daniel Evans: Arsenic Daniel Evans: Sulfur in green. So there’s still following the trend Nick is right ever PROTESTS HIM. So that would be smaller translation energy Daniel Evans: Our software is the upper right of the arsenic.

16:29 - Daniel Evans: And chlorine is right of the software.

16:38 - Daniel Evans: So, electron affinity Daniel Evans: Let’s do this 1% or electronic 20s. So again, electron and 50 Daniel Evans: Is a highest in the upper right is with chlorine button, the upper right now our last one here. So we have Daniel Evans: In them barium thallium radium to radium is our lowest left. So that would be our most electron and 20 Daniel Evans: S will be less than barium.

17:21 - Daniel Evans: Then Baron Maverick thallium Daniel Evans: And above Talia Indians, so Daniel Evans: So our smallest will be our radius.

17:41 - Daniel Evans: So another electron infinity one we have our Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, the general trend.

17:49 - Daniel Evans: Would be this direction. Daniel Evans: So our general trend will put the team has been the smallest, but we know that beryllium having a completely filled s level is going to be smaller. So this one gets looked around.

18:14 - Daniel Evans: Go can’t always predict the other end here, but we know that our smallest going to be that Daniel Evans: beryllium, it’s going to be smaller than that came before that.

18:26 - Daniel Evans: Another electron affinity Daniel Evans: Been eating crummy magnesium. These are in series across her row. So the general trend.

18:40 - Daniel Evans: Would be venereal smaller chromium and then magnesium separately. Look at this. We got 12345 this magnesium is a Daniel Evans: D five is a half filled de la level.

18:57 - Daniel Evans: So we know it’s going to switch around and make that list smaller Daniel Evans: So we have our chromium is larger than magnesium larger than our Navy. So this question is not the best question, I made it up to be made this board here so Daniel Evans: The question as I would write it would be largest Daniel Evans: Because this one is an ambiguous, that the chromium is going to be largest Daniel Evans: Where’s me know chromium is going to be larger than Canadian Chrome is larger than me, manganese, Daniel Evans: But we’re not going to be comparing these two trends.

19:44 - Daniel Evans: The electro negativity. Daniel Evans: miss that one. The last board here.

19:51 - Daniel Evans: So electro negativity. We’re going to be using Daniel Evans: That in future chapters to Daniel Evans: Help us side about polarity of components. So when we’re looking at campaigns.

20:08 - Daniel Evans: Such as hydrogen chloride, we have a pair of electrons between them. So we’re going to be doing structures soon called those structures.

20:18 - Daniel Evans: That will see a pair of electrons between the two nuclei that is holding two nuclear together.

20:24 - Daniel Evans: But this pair electrons is not equally shared between the atoms. So in this case, these electrons will spend more time by the for rain and less than by the Daniel Evans: Hydrogen that will make our fluorine a partial negative charge and the hygiene of partial positive charge and it symbols a lowercase Greek letter delta which you use represent partial, partial Daniel Evans: So this is the Daniel Evans: Polarity of polar molecule poor compound.

20:59 - Daniel Evans: Because the electrons are spending more time with reenlist time the hydrogen electro negativity is what tells us how much that will go what happened in a molecule.

21:11 - Daniel Evans: Although of symmetry of the molecules that first Daniel Evans: Get that Ashley to jog tomorrow so electro negativity is maximum copyright with ring. So that’s general trend.

21:24 - Daniel Evans: Lower, lower left maximum copyright Daniel Evans: And we generally Dr. St. Theresa to the noble gases which are compounds.

21:37 - Daniel Evans: So for that last question. But the trend for electro negativity.

21:46 - Daniel Evans: We have our phosphorus Daniel Evans: Calcium Daniel Evans: So calcium being rudeness of the smartest Daniel Evans: Phosphorus.

21:57 - Daniel Evans: In the middle of P block next Daniel Evans: Will bring the upper right is our highest so that’d be the trend for electro negativity. .